Dr. Balasingam Balagobi

Dr. Balasingam Balagobi

MBBS (SL), MD(SL), MRCS(Edinburgh), FRCS Urology(Eng)

Senior Lecturer (Grade II) & Consultant Urological Surgeon,
University Surgical Unit,
Teaching Hospital, Jaffna

b.balagobi@yahoo.com
Google ScholarResearchGate
URL to Institutional Repository
Positions
Qualifications
Publications
Research Interests

Memberships in Professional Bodies

  1. Coordinator, day care unit, Department of Surgery, FOM, UOJ.
  2. Viva examiner and portfolio reviews of diploma in Sports Medicine, PG, 2023
  3. Secretary, Faculty of Medicine Teachers’ Association (FMTA) – 2023
  4. Member of Global Andrology Forum, 2023
  5. Course coordinator, Perioperative care, Department of Surgery, 2023
  6. Secretary, Urology Speciality board, PGIM, University of Colombo, 2023
  7. Committee member, 6th undergraduate symposium, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jaffna.
  8. Co-ordinator and Resource person Semenology, 2022,2023
  9. Coordinator and resource person, Certificate course in Perioperative Care, CODL, UOJ.
  10. Member of Board of study in sports medicine / Postgraduate Institute of Medicine (PGIM), Colombo – 2022,2023
  11. Course Coordinator of the MD training programme in sports & exercise medicine -2022,2023
  12. Founder coordinator of Student Wellbeing Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jaffna -2022,2023
  13. Course tutor, RCS, FOM, UOJ, 2020,2021,2023
  14. Member of Sports Advisory Council of the University of Jaffna.
  15. Advisor, Career guidance, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jaffna.
  16. Council member of Sri Lankan Associate Urological Surgeons (SLAUS) – 2021, 2022, 2023.
  17. Course coordinator, Urology Monthly Teaching Session for the Senior Registrar in Urology (UROMET) – 2021, 2022, 2023.
  18. Viva Examiner of Urological Exit examination (FRCS Glasgow) – 2022,2023
  19. Coordinator, MCQ exam Urological Exit examination – 2022,2023
  20. Editor, Jaffna Medical Association (JMA) – 2020,2021
  21. Treasurer, Jaffna Medical Association (JMA) – 2022
  22. Treasurer, Northern Chapter of College of Surgeons Sri Lanka, 2022
  23. Chairperson, Student Welfare and Wellbeing Committee (SWWC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Jaffna, 2022
  24. Course Organizer, Advanced PCNL workshop SLAUS, THJ 2022
  25. Course Organizer, Urology for nurses symposium, 2022
  26. Co-ordinator of Fertility awareness day, FOM, UOJ – 2022.
FICS Urology 2023 Internation College of Surgeons
SEDA 2019 UK
FRCS Urology 2019 Royal College of Surgeons in Urology England
MRCS 2015 Royal College of Surgeons, Edinburgh
MD Surgery 2015 Postgraduate Institute of Medicine (PGIM) University of Colombo
MBBS 2008 Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo
  1. Balagobi B, Gobishangar S, Heerthikan K, Priyatharsan K, Nalayini J, Jenil A. Case report on bilateral emphysematous pyelonephritis in a non-diabetic male: A complex treatment journey. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2023 Dec 7:109122.

  2. Balagobi B, Kandeepan K, Thiruvarangan S. Occurrence of Spinal Masqueraders in a Urolithiasis Clinical Context.

  3. Balagobi B, Sarma ST, Gobishangar S, Brammah RT, Jenil AA, Gobinath S, Sankeetha U, Anushika S. Prostatitis: current perspective on diagnosis and management.

  4. Smaill F. Asymptomatic bacteriuria in pregnancy. Best practice & research Clinical obstetrics & gynaecology. 2007 Jun 1;21(3):439-50.

  5. Balagobi B, Gobinath S, Rajasooriyar C, Jenil AA, Theepan JM, Shathana P, Abirame S, Heerthikan K, Priyatharsan K. With the rising trend of prostate cancer, where does northern Sri Lanka stand? A cohort study from a tertiary care centre.

  6. Balagobi B, Heerthikan.K, Priyatharsan.K, Sripandurangana.R, Sinthujan.J. Spectrum of Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptos at a Tertiary care Urology Clinic: A prospective study, Proceedings of Annual Academic Sessions of Jaffna Medical Association, 2023 sep; 43.

  7. Gobinath S, Rajendra S, Balagobi B, Gobishangar S, Jenil A, Varothayan S. Minimal invasive management of generalized peritonitis as a result of spontaneous ureteral rupture. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2023 Apr 1;105:108017.

  8. “Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries.” British Journal of Surgery 110, no. 7 (2023): 804-817.

  9. Abiharan, P., Balagobi, B., Gobishangar, S., Senthuran, R., & Thulasi, T. (2023). A case report: A rare case of icteric variant of Stauffer’s syndrome. International journal of surgery case reports, 108, 108455.

  10. Balagobi B, Abiharan P, Nalini R, Chrishanthi R, Theepan J, Heerthikan K. A case report: Female primary urethral carcinoma presenting as vulval mass [published online ahead of print, 2023 Jul 16]. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2023;109:108505.

  11. Priyatharsan K, Balagobi B, Heerthikan K, Thulasi T, Priyanka A, Sureska G. A rare case of renal squamous cell carcinoma presenting with psoas sign. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2023 Sep 1;110:108732.

  12. Musthafa TM, Balagobi B, Weerasinghe N, Munasinghe MA, Jenil A, Priyatharsan K. A rare case of bilateral synchronous renal cancer, characterized by distinct histologies; leiomyosarcoma and clear cell renal cancer. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2023 Sep 27:108879.

  13. Balagobi, B., Brammah, R.T., Niroshan, V., Gobishangar, S. and Sripandurangana, R., 2022. Urolithiasis: a descriptive study in a single urological unit at a tertiary care hospital. Sri Lanka Journal of Surgery,  40(3), p.20-25.DOI: https://doi.org/10.4038/sljs.v40i3.8995

  14. Balagobi B, Butterworth W, Lunawat R. Day surgery urolithiasis management: efficacy and safety of ureteroscopy and laser lithotripsy in a district general hospital setting. Sri Lanka Journal of Surgery. 2022 Dec 1;40(3).

  15. Niroshan V, Balagobi B, Brammah T, Weerasinghe N, Gowribahan T. Surgically managed acute Page kidney following renal biopsy-A case report. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2022 Oct 1;99:107641.

  16. Balagobi B, Gobishangar S, Sarma ST, Brammah RT, Jenil A. A young patient with prostatic carcinoma with testicular metastasis. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2022 Oct 1;99:107653.

  17. Thiruvarangan S, Balagobi B, Kandeepan K. Occurrence of Spinal Masqueraders in a Urolithiasis Clinical Context. Cases. 2(1):8. 2023: Volume 2, Issue 1 DOI :   https://doi.org/10.35702/cases.10008

  18. Gobinath S, Rajendra S, Balagobi B, Gobishangar S, Jenil A, Varothayan S. Minimal invasive management of generalized peritonitis as a result of spontaneous ureteral rupture. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2023 Apr 1;105:108017.

  19. Balagobi, B., Sarma, S.T., Gobishangar, S., Brammah, T.R., Jenil, A.A., Gobinath, S., Sankeetha, U. and Anushika, S., 2023. Prostatitis: current perspective on diagnosis and management. Sri Lanka Journal of Surgery,  41(1), p.36-42.DOI: https://doi.org/10.4038/sljs.v41i1.9008

  20. Abiharan, P., Balagobi, B., Gobishangar, S., Senthuran, R., & Thulasi, T. (2023). A case report: A rare case of icteric variant of Stauffer’s syndrome. International journal of surgery case reports, 108, 108455.

  21. Balagobi B, Gobinath S, Rajasooriyar C, Jenil A, Theepan JM, Gowribahan T, Shathana P, Abirame S. With the rising trend of prostate cancer, where does northern Sri Lanka stand? A cohort study from a tertiary care centre.2023, 41(2) : 21-25 DOI: 10.4038/sljs.v41i2.9056

  22. de Silva GP, Wanasinghe WM, Ambegoda AL, Kumara MG, Balagobi B, Sosai CS, Abeygunasekera AM. A case of large, benign, solitary fibrous tumour of the prostate causing obstructive uropathy. Journal of Clinical Urology. 2022 May;15(3):217-21.

  23. Balagobi B, Gobishangar S, Ginige A, Gamlaksha D, Sanjeyan J, Suvethini L. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour: case report of a rare form of bladder tumour. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2022 Mar 1;92:106786.

  24. Balagobi, B., Niroshan, V., Thangarajah Brammah, R., & Sripandurangana, R. (2022). A descriptive study of urolithiasis in patients admitted to the professorial surgical unit of Teaching Hospital, Jaffna. Jaffna Medical Association.

  25. Balagobi B, Solomon JP, Chandrasekera SK, Thiruvarangan S. Relationship of prostate volume and prostate-specific antigen levels in Sri Lankan men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. GSC Advanced Research and Reviews. 2022;11(3):077-80.

  26. Balagobi B, Jenil A, Dilan J, Suvethini L, Thiruvarangan S. A descriptive study to analysis the ureteral length in adult population.

  27. Balagobi B, Gobishangar S, Vinojan S, Charles JC. Impact of microscopic intermediate sub inguinal varicocelectomy on varicocele and infertility.

  28. COVIDSurg C, GlobalSurg C. SARS-CoV-2 infection and venous thromboembolism after surgery: an international prospective cohort study. Anaesthesia. 2022;77(1):28-39.

  29. Balagobi B, Thuraisamy SS, Sathesan B, Gamlaksha DS, Ladsiyan M, Shangarie R, Sivanujan S. Clinicopathological profile of urological malignancies at Teaching Hospital in Jaffna Peninsula of Northern Sri Lanka. Jaffna Medical Journal. 2021 Dec 30;33(2).

  30. COVIDSurg Collaborative, GlobalSurg Collaborative, Nepogodiev D, Simoes JF, Li E, Picciochi M, Glasbey JC, Baiocchi G, Blanco‐Colino R, Chaudhry D, AlAmeer E. Effects of pre‐operative isolation on postoperative pulmonary complications after elective surgery: an international prospective cohort study. Anaesthesia. 2021 Nov;76(11):1454-64.

  31. Sivashankar M, Balagobi B, Perera ND, Ruvinda PG. A case report of post-surgical page kidney due to extensive renal hematoma following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. International Journal of Surgery Case Reports. 2021 Sep 1;86:106382.

  32. Gacaferi H, Collaborative G, COVIDSurg Collaborative. Timing of surgery following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: an international prospective cohort study. Anaesthesia. 2021 Mar 9;76(6).

  33. Balagobi, B. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 vaccination modelling for safe surgery to save lives: data from an international prospective cohort study. Oxford University Press.

  34. Jayarajah U, Basnayake O, Thanusan V, Balagobi B, Ambegoda M, Abeygunasekera A. An overview of the management of renal malignancies in von Hippel-Lindau syndrome.

  35. Balagobi B, Sarma ST, Sriluxayini M, Gamlaksha DS, Sanjeyan J, Suvethini L. Giant Mullerian duct cyst in an adult presented as symptomatic pelvic mass: a case report.

  36. Balagobi B, Gobishangar S, Sarma ST, Ginige A, Gamlaksha DS, Sanjeyan J, Suvethini L. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour: report of a rare form of bladder tumour.

  37. Balagobi B, Sivashankar M, Anton J, Suvethini L. Zinner’s syndrome: case report of a rare mesonephric duct anomaly.

  38. Rajendra S, Balagobi B, Luckshi M. Perception of virtual learning during Covid 19 pandemic by recently graduated Medical Students, University of Jaffna.

  39. Balagobi B, Sathesan B, Sarma ST, Ladsiyan M. Pattern of urological malignancies treated in teaching hospital Jaffna.

  40. Clinicopathological characteristics and oncological outcomes of patients with renal cell carcinoma Madura Ambegoda, Rakitha Paranamanna, Sagara Kumara, Balasingam Balagobi, Cherine Sosai, Arunasalam Pathmeswaran, Anuruddha Abeygunasekera The Sri Lanka Medical Association.

  41. Nitharsanan M, Jenill AA, Balagobi B, Ketheeswary S, Rogilson AA, Gobishangar S. Iatrogenic ureteric injury complicated with large life threatening retro-peritoneal abscess, treated with minimal invasive techniques: a case report.

  42. Shelton J, Balagobi B, Ragavan S. A Novel hybrid technique for ventriculo-vesical shunting for traumatic hydrocephalus.
  43. Emphysematous pyelonephritis B Balagobi, M Nitharsanan, V Thanusan Jaffna Medical Association 2020.

  44. A prospective study to determine mid-term outcome of patients with renal carcinoma treated in a single urology unit of Sri Lanka RV Paranamanna, ALAMC Ambegoda, MGSR Kumara, B Balagobi, C Sooai, AM Abeygunasekera INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2019/8/1.

  45. A prospective study on aetiology and outcome of haemospermia from a urology unit in Sri Lanka Sopan Sivanandan, Suranga N Wijayarathna, Balasingam Balagobi, MG Sagara R Kumara, ALA Madura C Ambegoda, Anuruddha M Abeygunasekera Journal of Clinical Urology 2019/7.

  46. Balagobi, B., Brunckhorst, O., Lukacs, S., & Lunawat, R. (2019). Evaluate current diagnostic accuracy of transperineal (TP) prostate biopsy and MP MRI practice at the Princes Royal University Hospital (PRUH), UK. Sri Lanka Association of Urological Surgeons (SLAUS).

  47. Balagobi, B., Thayaparan, P., Butterworth, W., & Lunawat, R. (2019). Day surgery renal stone management: efficacy and safety of ureteroscopy and lasertripsy. In 14th Annual Academic Sessions 2019, Colombo. Sri Lanka Association of Urological Surgeons.

  48. A prospective study on aetiology and outcome of haemospermia from a urology unit in Sri Lanka Sivanandan Sopan, Suranga Wijayarathna, Balasingam Balagobi, R Kumara, MG Sagara, ALA Madura, C Ambegoda, Anuruddha M Abeygunasekera British Association of Urological Surgeons 2019

  49. Balagobi B, Indika K, Muditha CK, Samaraweera SN, Wijayarathna HP, Sutharshan K, Swarna S, Anuruddha M. Risk factors of renal cell carcinoma in a cohort of Sri Lankan patients: A case–control study.

  50. Ravikaran A, Jayawickrama B, Arc H, Balagobi B, Sutharshan K, Abeygunasekera AM. Results of a cancer audit in a single urology unit in Sri Lanka–2016.

  51. Thilakarathna S, Kumara MG, Gunasekara PD, Balagobi B, Epa WA, Abeygunasekera AM. Management of renal malignancies in von Hippel Lindau syndrome: a study of five cases.

  52. Jayawardene MD, Balagobi B, Ambegoda AL, Vidanapathirana S, Wijayagunawardane GW, Senthan V, Ranasinghe DD, Abeygunasekera AM. Outcome of uncomplicated ureteric calculi managed with medical expulsive therapy in the outpatient clinic of a urology unit in Sri Lanka. BMC research notes. 2017 Dec;10(1):1-5.

  53. Abeygunasekera AM, Sutharshan K, Balagobi B.New delopments in chyluria after global programs to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. International Journal of Urology. 2017 Aug;24(8):582-8.

  54. Jayawardene MD, Balagobi B, Weligamage WA, Ishak MC, Gobi U, Suvendiran S, Mahameda S, Abeygunasekera AM. A prospective study to evaluate access to elective surgical services in a urological unit of Sri Lanka.

  55. Balagobi B, Indika K, Muditha CK, Samaraweera SN, Wijayarathna HP, Sutharshan K, Swarna S, Anuruddha M. Risk factors of renal cell carcinoma in a cohort of Sri Lankan patients: A case–control study.

  56. Nihaj MR, Balagobi B, Chandrasekara S. Synchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma in Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome: treatment with partial nephrectomy and radio frequency ablation.

  57. Balagobi B, Kalhar I, Muditha S, Suranga W, Hansika M, Kugadas S, Swarn S, Anuruddha A. Pathological and demographics characteristics of renal tumours treated at a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka.

  58. Seneth G, Sasikumar S, Balagobi B, Hansika M, Gobi U, Anuruddha A. Clinicopathological profile of urological cancers treated in a urology unit of Sri Lanka over a period of five years.

  59. Balagobi, B., Abeygunasekera, M. A., Sutharshan, K., Suvendran, S., Wijayarathna, N., Suranga, K., Samaraweera, W., & Muditha, C. K. (2016). A case-control study to identify associated risk factors of renal cell carcinoma in a cohort of Sri Lankan patients. The Japanese Urological Association.

  60. B Balagobi, S Raviraj, ST Sarma Boerhaave’s syndrome: Conservative management followed early diagnosis

  61. Gamas B, Opath OK, Balagobi B, Ponnambalam T. Who surgical safety checklist: the Sri Lankan experience.

  62. Perera KY, Ranasinghe P, Adikari AM, Balagobi B, Constantine GR, Jayasinghe S. Medium of language in discharge summaries: would the use of native language improve patients’ knowledge of their illness and medications?. Journal of health communication. 2012 Feb 1;17(2):141-8.

  63. Rajendram S, Arasaratnam V, Gadambanathan C, Susithra P, Ruchira F, Pirasath S, Thayananthan K, Balakumar S, Pragasan G, Arulanandem K, SGishanthan SS. THE BATTICALOA MEDICAL JOURNAL.

  64. Balagobi B, Raviraj S, Opatha S. Brief review on applicability and importance of a surgical safety checklist. THE BATTICALOA MEDICAL JOURNAL.

 

Books published in the relevant field

  1. Balagobi, B., & Raguraman, S. (2023). Fundamentals of Semen Analysis: A Practical Guide. Chemamadu Publications. ISBN 978-955-685-172-4.

  2. Raguraman, S., & Balagobi, B. (2022). Kulanthaiinmai: Vilakkankalum Thirvukalum. Lumaran Press (Pvt) Ltd. ISBN 978-624-6164-33-1.

  3. Balagobi, B & Brahmma,RT., &. (2023). Siruneeraga katkal. Kumaran BookHouse (Pvt) Ltd. ISBN 978-624-6164-52-2.

 

Reviewing and Editing Scientific and Literary Communications

  1. EDITOR FOR JMA newsletters –
    October 2020, Issue 1
    November 2020, issue 2
    December 2020, issue 3
    April 2021 Issue 1

    June 2021, Issue 2
    September 2021, issue 3

  2. Editor of procession book, Annual scientific session of JMA – 2020 and 2021
  3. Reviewer of International Journal of Surgery Case Reports, IJSCR

 

Presentations and academic speaking

  1. Relationship of prostate volume and prostate specific antigen(PSA) levels in Srilankan men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia(BPH). B Balagobi,WTT de Silva,SK Chandrasekera,K Sutharshan,S Prathapan,A Weerakodi.Presented at the annual academic session 2012, the college of Surgeons of Srilanka & joint meeting with the Royal College of surgeons of Edinburgh.

  2. Where is the deep inguinal ring (DIR)?. Balagobi B ,Jayasekara RW, Anthony DJ,Wimalachandra BCM, Ranasinghe KPNG, Niroshana KAL. Presented at the annual academic session 2009, the college of Surgeons of srilanka & the international conference of the SAARC Surgical Care Society.

  3. Who surgical safety checklist-the Srilankan experience.B Gamage,B Balagobi,OKDST Opatha,T Ponnambalam .Presented(Poster presentation) at the annual academic session 2013, the college of Surgeons of srilanka & joint meeting with the Royal College of surgeons of Edinburgh.

  4. The pubic branch of the inferior epigastric artery: Anatomical study on Srilankan cadavers.Wimalachandra BCM, Ranasinghe KPNG, Balagobi B, Niroshana KAL, Anthony DJ, Jayasekara RW.Presented at the annual academic session 2009, the college of Surgeons of srilanka & the international conference of the SAARC Surgical Care Society.

  5. Clinicopathological profile of Urological malignancies treated in a Urology unit of Srilanka over period of 5 years. Gajasinghe ,B. Balagobi,K.Sutharshan ,S. Sasikumar,A. Weligamage,M. Ishak,H. Maddumage,A. M. Abeygunasekera,Poster presentation at Annual scientific sessions of college of Surgeons Srilanka.

  6. Dissection versus prosections,which method has a better impact on long term anatomy knowledge?:Poster presentation at 129th Anniversary International Medical Congress,Srilanka Medical association 2016.

  7. Writing discharge summaries in mother tongue: Does it improves knowledge of illness and medication?.

  8. Balagobi B, Perera KYS, Ranasinghe P, Adikari AMMC, Constantine GR, Jeyasighe,Presented at 3 rd international medical conference held at international medical university, Kuala lampur , malaysia on April,2009.

  9. Where exactly is the femora pulse felt? A cadaveric study for the surface marking of the femoral artery (FA).Niroshana KAL ,Balagobi B ,Jayasekara RW, Anthony DJ,Wimalachandra BCM, Ranasinghe KPNG. Presented at the annual academic session 2009, the college of Surgeons of srilanka & the international conference of the SAARC Surgical Care Society.

  10. Risk factors of renal cell carcinoma in a cohort of Sri Lankan patients: a case control study. B Balagobi,Kalhar Indika, Asanka Weligamage, Mohomed Ishak, Upayasekram Gobi, Sanwadana Karunaratna, Suranga Wijayarathna,Anuruddha M Abeygunasekera .presented at Urological Association of Asia(UAA) congress 2016,Singapore.

  11. Venous arrangement at the cubital fossa in relation to the cutaneous nerves and other deep structures.Niroshana KAL ,Balagobi B ,Jayasekara RW, Anthony DJ,Wimalachandra BCM, Ranasinghe KPNG. Presented at the annual academic session 2009, the college of Surgeons of srilanka & the international conference of the SAARC Surgical Care Society.

  12. Pathological and Demographics Characteristics of Renal tumours Treated at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Sri Lanka. Balagobi,Kalhar Indika, Asanka Weligamage, Mohomed Ishak, Upayasekram Gobi, Sanwadana Karunaratna, Suranga Wijayarathna,Anuruddha M Abeygunasekera. Presented at Annual scientific sessions of college of Surgeons Srilanka 2016.

  13. A descriptive study to analyse the length of Ureter in Srilankan adult patients.Ravikaran A,Nishanthan RJ, Balagobi,Sutharshan K,Ranasinghe DD ,Anuruddha M Abeygunasekera. Presented at Annual scientific sessions of Srilanka association of Urological surgeons 2016.

  14. Haemospermia-a prospective descriptive study in a single urological unit in Srilanka :Sopan S, Balagobi,Asanka Sanjeewa ,Anuruddha M Abeygunasekera. Presented at Annual scientific sessions of Srilanka association of Urological surgeons 2016.

  15. Clinico-pathological profile of malignancies treated in a urology unit over period of five years. Sutharshan K, Balagobi B, ,Gajasinghe S,Asanka Sanjeewa W,Isahk M ,Anuruddha M Abeygunasekera. Presented at Annual scientific sessions of Srilanka association of Urological surgeons 2016.

  16. A prospective study to determine mid-term outcome of patients with renal carcinoma treated in a single urology unit of Sri Lanka :R V Paranamanna, A L A M C Ambegoda, M G S R Kumara, Balasingam Balagobi,Cherine Soosai, Dhammika Ranasinghe,Anuruddha M Abeygunasekera

  17. Presented at 13th Annual Academic session of Srilanka Association of Urological surgeons,,Colombo,on 10th November 2018.

  18. Management of Renal malignancies in Von Hippel Lindau Syndrome: Study of Five cases.:Thilakarathna S,Kumara MGSR,Ambegoda ALAMC,Balagobi B,Abeygunasekera AM: Presented at 13th Annual Academic session of Srilanka Association of Urological Surgeons,Colombo,0n 10th November 2018.
  1. Gerontology
  2. Chronic Disease
  3. Urolithiasis
  4. Urologic Oncology